This means our dyes are more likely to stick (bind) to the fibers (where we want them!) and less likely to react with the water molecules. To reduce the amount of dye in our wastewater, we use dyes with greater binding efficiency (called polyfunctional reactive dyes). When improperly treated, dye-filled wastewater released into the environment prevents sunlight from getting to underwater organisms who need sunlight to survive, causing major environmental damage. This is also the reason why dye baths cannot be reused. Dye molecules that have reacted with water are very difficult to remove from a dye bath, making the treatment of wastewater chemically intensive and expensive. In the water-based dye bath, a dye molecule will either bind (stick!) to the fiber and color the fabric, or to a water molecule (in a process known as hydrolysis). The current standard method of dyeing (called aqueous dyeing) also uses water, and this, combined with super sticky reactive dyes can be problematic if mismanaged: Well firstly, synthetic reactive dyes are made from fossil fuels, which are non-renewable resources.
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